KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb weÁvb‡PZbvi Av‡jv‡K
Av ey j Av n mv b †PŠ ay ix
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wQ‡jb eyw×i gyw³-Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav| 1926-G XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq gy³eyw×-PP©vi cÖwZôvb Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨-mgvRÕ| GB msMV‡bi exRgš¿ wQjÑ ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †hLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b Am¤¢e;| ms¯‹vigy³, hyw³ev`x, cÖMwZkxj, Kj¨vYgyLx mgvRMVbB wQj Gi j¶¨
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1897-1981) Zuvi GK ¯§„wZPP©vq wb‡Ri h_v_© cwiPq †KvbwU †m wel‡q ej‡Z wM‡q wKQyUv †KŠZzK K‡i cÖkœ Zz‡jwQ‡jb, ÔAvgvi m¤^‡Ü K_v D‡V‡Q, Avwg `vevo-, bv ˆeÁvwbK, bv mvwnwZ¨K?Õ1 Ñ GB cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Abvqv‡m ejv hvq, †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi me KÕwU cwiP‡qB weL¨vZ I wewkó| GBme ¸‡Yi †h-†Kv‡bv GKwU‡K Aej¤^b K‡iB wZwb RvZxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡Z cvi‡Zb| Z‡e `vevo- I mvwnwZ¨K L¨vwZi Kv‡Q Zuvi weÁvbmva‡Ki cwiPqwU †h wKQyUv cÖ”QbœÑ G-K_v Aek¨ Keyj Ki‡ZB nq|
2.
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wQ‡jb weÁv‡bi QvÎ I wk¶K| ZvB Zuvi wPš—v-†PZbvi GKUv e‡ov Ask Ry‡o wQj weÁvb| Z‡e weÁvb wbQKB Zuvi †ckvMZ cVb-cvV‡bi welq wQj bv| Aa¨qb-Aa¨vcbvi m~‡Î weÁvb wel‡q Zuvi mwÜrmv-†KŠZ‚nj I †gŠwjK wPš—vI wQj| weÁvb‡K wZwb wbQK hyw³-cÖgv‡Yi cÖYvjxe× k„•Ljv-kv¯¿ we‡ePbv K‡ibwbÑ wZwb G‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb m„wókxj kv‡¯¿i gh©v`v| ZvB Zuvi gb-gbb-gvb‡mi ¯^iƒc mÜv‡bi R‡b¨ Zuvi weÁvbPP©v I wPš—vi welqwU we‡ePbv we‡kl Ri“wi|
3.
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Zuvi weÁvb`„wó I †PZbvi Rb¨ †R¨vZx›`Ö‡gvnb ivq, WweD. G. †RbwKÝ, m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ emy I cÖkvš—P›`Ö gnjvbex‡ki Kv‡Q Mfxifv‡e FYx| †R¨vZx›`Ö‡gvnb wQ‡jb Zuvi ¯‹zjRxe‡bi wk¶K, †RbwKÝ K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡qi wk¶K, m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K-mnKg©x I cÖkvš—P›`Ö Zuvi cwimsL¨vb-we`¨vi ¸i“|
Z‡e G-wel‡q Zuvi mj‡Z-cvKv‡bvi KvRwU n‡qwQj †Q‡j‡ejv‡ZB| evj¨-cv‡Vi Kv‡j Zuvi MvwYwZK-we`¨vi nv‡ZLwo n‡qwQj †Ljvi Q‡j Ges Zvi g~‡j wQj Zuvi wcZvi Avš—wiK cÖqvm| wZwb ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb :
wZwb [†gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi wcZv] †h 8 eQi ch©š— †Ljvayjvi gva¨‡g evMv‡bi dzj-Avg-Rvg-†cqviv Kzov‡bv Avi eqm¨‡`i m‡½ fvM-ev‡Uvqvivi gva¨‡gB Avgvi ¯^vfvweK eyw×weKv‡ki my‡hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb, †m Rb¨ Avwg Zuvi cÖwZ we‡kl K…ZÁZv †eva Kwi| m¤¢eZ Avgvi A‡¼i Ávb A_©vr ¯‹z‡ji †hvM-we‡qvM, ¸Y-fv‡Mi cÖ‡qvM c×wZi m‡½ g‡bi wfZ‡i mwÂZ n‡qwQj| ZvB kZwKqv cvV, avivcvZ, msL¨v-wjLb c×wZ, WvK& cov‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR Avgvi Lye fvj jvM‡Zv|2
†mB †Q‡j‡ejv‡ZB Zuvi D™¢vebx kw³ Rš§ wb‡qwQj| MÖv‡gi ¯‹z‡ji wk¶K Zuv‡K Ô†hvM-we‡qvM I ¸Y‡bi c×wZ wkwL‡qwQ‡jbÕ, Zvici fv‡Mi wbqg wZwb Ôwb‡R wb‡RB Avwe®‹vi K‡iÕ wk¶K‡K ZvK& jvwM‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| c‡i hLb wZwb Kzwóqv nvB¯‹z‡ji QvÎ, ZLb hš¿ I Kj&-Ke&Rvi cÖwZ †KŠZ‚n‡ji Kvi‡Y GKevi †Kgb wecwˇZ c‡owQ‡jb †m-K_v Rvbv hvq Zuvi ¯‹zjRxe‡bi ¯§„wZK_vq :
Avwg GKw`b [Kzwóqv] †ij †÷k‡bi †¯‹j-e¨vjvÝ-Gi n¨vÛj a‡i bvovPvov KiwQjvg, Ggb mgq †Kgb K‡i †hb nv‡Zi †_‡K †jfvi-Gi DRb-KvwVUv gvcbh‡š¿i †c‡Ui wfZi Xz‡K †Mj| Avwg Amnvqfv‡e nZf¤^ n‡q IUv Zz‡j Avevi nvZ‡ji m‡½ jvMvevi †Póv KiwQ| Ggb mgq †÷kb-gv÷vi e¨vcvi †`‡L, Avgv‡K HLv‡bB Pzc K‡i e‡m _vK‡Z ej‡jb|3
c‡i GK cwiwPZR‡bi n¯—‡¶‡c wecbœ mwÜrmy †gvZvnvi †mev‡ii g‡Zv †invB cvb|
GB Kzwóqv nvB¯‹z‡jiB wk¶K wQ‡jb †R¨vZx›`Ö‡gvnb ivq| †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb huv‡K ¯‹zj-K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq wgwj‡q Zuvi Ô†kÖô wk¶KÕ e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| Gui Kv‡QB †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wb‡Pi K¬v‡m R¨vwgwZ I Ic‡ii K¬v‡m †gKvwbK&m ev ÔMwZweÁvb, w¯’wZweÁvb I hš¿weÁvbÕ c‡o‡Qb| Gui cov‡bvi aibUvB wQj Avjv`v| K¬vmi“‡gi evB‡i wb‡q wM‡q nv‡Z-Kj‡g R¨vwgwZ †kLv‡Zb| KLbI Qv·`i wb‡q †h‡Zb cyi‡bv bxjKzwV‡Z Zvi e¨vmva© †g‡c †ei Kivi R‡b¨| Avevi KLbI wb‡R wU‡KU †K‡U Qv·`i mvK©vm †`Lv‡Z wb‡q †h‡Zb, we‡bv`‡bi cvkvcvwk ÔBbviwkqvÕ I ÔmvKz©jvi †gvkbÕ †evSv‡bvi R‡b¨| wcÖq QvÎ †gvZvnvi‡K wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb, ÔZzB Z Ime eB‡q c‡owQm; wKš‘ Pv¶zm †`L‡j welqUv AviI ¯úófv‡e †Zvi g‡b e‡m hv‡e|Õ4 K…ZÁ †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb e‡j‡Qb :
GBfv‡e †R¨vZxbevey KZfv‡e KZw`‡K Avgv‡`i Ávbe„w×i Rb¨ wPš—v I †Póv K‡i‡Qb, Zvi Aewa †bB| Avgvi A‡¼ we‡kl cvi`wk©Zv Av‡Q †`‡L, wZwb wb‡Ri †Póvq Ô†gKvwb‡·Õi eB c‡o Av‡Mi †_‡KB covevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡qwQ‡jb, Avi †nWgv÷v‡ii Kv‡Q e‡jwQ‡jb, Ô†gvZvnv‡ii g‡Zv Ggb †Q‡j‡K hw` mechanics cov‡bv bv nq, Zvn‡j Avi Kvi Rb¨ G welq cov‡bv hv‡e|Õ GBfv‡e hyw³ †`wL‡q Dchy³ hš¿cvwZ wK‡b Kzwóqv ¯‹z‡jB †evanq c~e©evsjvq me©cÖ_‡g †gKvwb· cov‡bvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|5
†R¨vZx›`Ö‡gvn‡bi nv‡Z-Kj‡g weÁvb wk¶v †`qvi Av‡iKwU NUbvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb| Qv·`i w`‡q Kv‡Vi †Mvj Z³vq KvMR †mu‡U ÔMwYZwgUviÕ ˆZwi Kwi‡q Zv‡`i AvMÖn‡K Dm&‡K w`‡Zb wZwb| †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi ˆZwi GB iKg GKwU ÔMwYZwgUviÕ wZwb eûKvj mh‡Zœ msi¶Y K‡iwQ‡jb| ïay weÁvbwk¶v bq,Ñ †mB m‡½ weÁvbgb¯‹Zv, bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv Avi gvbweKZvi wk¶vI †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Zuvi GB wcÖq wk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡KB †c‡qwQ‡jb| DËiKv‡j Zuvi †fZ‡i †h weÁvbgvbm M‡o D‡VwQj, Zvi cÖ_g cvV wZwb †c‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi GB ¯§iYxq ¯‹zjwk¶‡Ki KvQ †_‡KB|
4.
Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ emy †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi cÖZ¨¶ wk¶K wQ‡jb bvÑ wQ‡jb
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wefvMxq mnKg©x| wKš‘ wRÁvmy †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb GKRb wk¶v_x©i †KŠZ‚nj wb‡qB Zuvi Kv‡Q †h‡Zb Ges wbqZB wb‡Ri ÁvbZ…òv †gUv‡Zb| KL‡bv MwY‡Zi RwUj cÖ‡kœi mgvav‡bi R‡b¨ Zuvi kiYvcbœ n‡Zb, Ñ Avevi KL‡bvev Aa¨vcK emy wb‡RI bvbv ai‡bi ÔK‚U A‡¼Õi mgvavb Ki‡Z w`‡q Zuv‡K ÔevwR‡q wb‡ZbÕ| GBfv‡e †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Aa¨vcK emyi wcÖq I Kv‡Qi gvbyl n‡q I‡Vb| GB myev‡` wZwb wb‡R‡K m‡Z¨b emyi Ôme‡P‡q eo QvÎÕ ev ÔQvÎZgÕ wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i‡Qb|6
Aa¨vcK emyi †cÖiYv‡ZB †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi cwimsL¨vbwe`¨v †kLv m¤¢e nq| MwY‡Z †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi AvMÖn I AwaKvi j¶¨ K‡iB wZwb GB wm×vš— wb‡qwQ‡jb| Avi †mB wZwi‡ki `k‡KB m‡Z¨b emyi Abymi‡Y wZwb evsjv fvlvq c`v_©we`¨v cov‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| weÁv‡bi RwUj welq‡K Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjv fvlvq iƒcvš—‡ii †SuvKI m„wó nq Aa¨vcK emyi Drmv‡n| Gi d‡j m‡Z¨b emyi Quantum Theory msµvš— M‡elYv-wbeÜ evsjvq ZR©gv K‡ib ÔSjKev`Õ bvg w`‡q Ges Zv ÔcÖevmxÕ cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| Gi cvkvcvwk wZwb Aa¨vcK emyi Av‡iv `y-GKwU weÁvbwelqK Bs‡iwR-cÖe‡ÜiI fvlvš—i K‡ib evsjvq|
m‡Z¨b emy †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb‡K cwimsL¨vb-we`¨v co‡Z cvwV‡qwQ‡jb fwel¨‡Zi fvebv gv_vq †i‡L| G-cÖm‡½ †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb e‡j‡Qb :
Gi g‡a¨B Zuvi gv_vq G‡m †M‡Q XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q msL¨vMwYZ Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi †m Rb¨ wk¶K m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡Z¨beveyi †øn I AbyMÖ‡nB Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Avgvi cvV‡bi †gvo wd‡i †Mj : c`v_©we`¨v †_‡K cwimsL¨vb ev Z_¨MwY‡Zi w`‡K|t wZwb cÖ_‡g Z_¨MwYZ‡K A¼kv‡¯¿i m‡½ ms‡hvwRZ K‡i w`‡jb| Gi d‡j 1939 mvj †_‡K Avwg Z_¨MwYZ cov‡Z jvMjvg t| GBfv‡e wKQyw`b Pjvi ci Z_¨MwY‡Zi GKUv cy‡iv Abyl` m„wó Kiv nj| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq GKUv wel‡q Me© Ki‡Z cv‡i; †m n‡”Q, Z_¨MwY‡Z KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q B.A. Honours Course Lyjevi Av‡MB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q D³ Abvm© †Kvm© †Lvjv n‡qwQj|7
m‡Z¨b emy ïay †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb‡K cwimsL¨vb-we`¨v wkL‡Z cvwV‡qwQ‡jb ZvB bq, ÔBlock DesignÕ m¤ú‡K© M‡elYvqI Zuv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i †Zv‡jb, Zuvi wcGBPwW M‡elYvcÎwUiI cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab K‡i †`b| Zuvi GB M‡elYv Awfm›`‡f©i
Ab¨Zg cix¶K wQ‡jb wek¦wekÖ“Z cwimsL¨vbwe` m¨vi †ivbvì wdkvi| wZwb gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb :
I am particularly struck by the enterprise shown by Mr. Hussain. In order to solve new types of problems he has forged new methods by the application of which he has proved results which I had only guessed without being able to prove. He has gone more deeply into the subject than any previous writer.8
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb-D™¢vweZ c×wZ msL¨vZË¡kv‡¯¿ ÔHussains's Chain RuleÕ bv‡g ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| Zuvi GB mvd‡j¨i g~‡j †h wQ‡jb m‡Z¨b emy †m-K_v Keyj Ki‡Z wZwb KLbI wØav K‡ibwbÑ ÔGi Avw`‡Z wQj m‡Z¨beveyi Amxg †øn|Õ 9
5.
WweDG †RbwKÝ-Gi Kv‡Q †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb bvbv Kvi‡Y FYx| wZwb wQ‡jb Zuvi c`v_©weÁv‡bi wcÖq wk¶K| †gavex I wRÁvmy QvÎ wn‡m‡e †gvZvnvi †RbwK‡Ýi g‡bv‡hvM †K‡owQ‡jb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †Q‡o hvIqvi mgq †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi K_v we‡kl K‡i m‡Z¨b emy‡K e‡j hvb| Gi Av‡M 1921-Gi †Mvov‡ZB †RbwK‡Ýi Kj¨v‡Y GgG cix¶v_x© †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb be-cÖwZwôZ XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ`k©K [Demonstrator] wn‡m‡e cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| wKQy c‡i c~Y© wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cvb| †RbwK‡Ýi AvbyK‚j¨ Zuvi Rxeb-weKv‡ki c_ Ly‡j †`q|
6.
weÁv‡bi wk¶K wn‡m‡e †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi wbR¯^ GKUv cvV`vb c×wZ wQj| wZwb RwUj welq‡K mnR K‡i gvZ…fvlvq †evSv‡bvi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb| Avi cvVb-wel‡q D`vniY wKsev mv`„k¨-weeiY AvniY Ki‡Zb wk¶v_©xi AwfÁZvi RMr †_‡K| d‡j wZwb mn‡RB n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb QvÎwcÖq wk¶K| Zuvi cov‡bvi mnR c×wZi `i“bB be-cÖewZ©Z cwimsL¨vb-we`¨vi wk¶v_x©iv cix¶vq fv‡jv dj Ki‡Z cviZ| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cix¶KivI GB me Qv‡Îi Ô¸wQ‡q RIqveÕ †jLvi cÖksmv Ki‡Z KL‡bv KzwÉZ nbwb|10
Zuvi cvVb-cÖYvjxi ˆewkó¨ Ges wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ Mfxi ggZv I g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Qv·`i ¯§„wZ‡ZI wZwb D¾¡j n‡q Av‡Qb| Rvbv hvq :
t K¬v‡mi evB‡i, mܨvi c‡iI Avgiv co‡Z †MwQ KvRx mv‡q‡ei evmvq| Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq weQvbvq ï‡q ï‡qI A¯úó †Kvb welq‡K wZwb ¯úó Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb|Õ11
†Kv‡bv hvwš¿K c×wZ bq, MZvbyMwZK †Kv‡bv cÖYvjxI bq, wZwb cov‡Zb wbR¯^ GK fw½‡Z| Zuvi †kÖYxK‡¶ cov‡bvi aibwU wQj GBiKg :
t ¯^KxqZv I AwfbeZ¡ cÖKvk †cZ ˆ`bw›`b K¬vmi“‡g Zuvi cov‡bvi gv‡SI| cÖvq me mgqB cwimsL¨vb Z‡Ë¡i †Kvb GKUv cÖwZcv‡`¨i cÖgvY ev †Kv‡bv GKUv aª“ev‡¼i gvb wbY©q Ki‡Zb m¤ú~Y© wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z, hvi m‡½ eB‡qi MZvbyMwZK c×wZi wgj Luy‡R cvIqv †hZ bv| cÖPwjZ digyjvi av‡i-Kv‡Q bv wM‡q wZwb wbZ¨bZzb digyjv I c×wZ wb‡RB D™¢veb Ki‡Zb| t wZwb PvB‡Zb QvÎiv †hb g~j m~Î (first principle) †_‡K hyw³i cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv I gvbwmKZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| eB †_‡K bv-ey‡S ev Avav ey‡S K¬vmi“‡g ev cix¶vi LvZvq D`MxY© Kiv wQj Zuvi AwZ AcQ›`| eB‡Z †jLv cÖPwjZ c×wZi evB‡i †Kvb GKUv mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wZwb Avbw›`Z n‡Zbt|12
7.
cwimsL¨vb-we`¨v cVb-cvV‡bi †¶‡Î †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †hgb cÖeZ©‡Ki `vwe`vi, †Zgwb evsjvq weÁvbPP©vi †¶‡ÎI G-†`‡k Zuvi f‚wgKv cw_K…‡Zi| Avgv‡`i †ewki fvM weØvb-cwÊZ‡`i g‡a¨ gvZ…fvlvq weÁvbPP©v wKsev cVb-cvV‡bi wel‡q GKUv Abxnv eiveiB j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q| G-†¶‡Î cwifvlvmn bvbv ARynvZ Zuviv Lvov K‡i _v‡Kb| †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb G-me e³e¨‡K Ô†Qu‡`v hyw³Õ e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb|
evsjv fvlvq weÁvbkv¯¿ cVb-cvV‡b Zuvi Av`k© wQ‡jb Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b emy| Zuvi †cÖiYv‡ZB wZwb G-wel‡q AMÖmi nb| †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi Revwb‡ZB Rvbv hvq :
t 1936/37 mvj †_‡KB wZwb [Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b emy] evsjv fvlvq c`v_©we`¨v cov‡Zb| AvwgI Zuvi cš’v AbymiY K‡iwQjvg| G‡Z †KvbI w`b Amyweav †eva Kwiwb|13
m‡Z¨b emyi civg‡k© wZwb evsjvq c`v_©we`¨vi e¨envwiK wk¶vi eBI wj‡LwQ‡jb Qv·`i cix¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨Õ I ÔcÖwµqvÕ fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨|
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Gici †_‡K eivei evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡gB cwo‡q‡QbÑ cÖ_‡g c`v_©we`¨v, c‡i cwimsL¨vb| Zuvi Kv‡Q cwimsL¨vb c‡o‡Qb, Ggb GKRb G-wel‡q mv¶¨ w`‡q‡Qb :
evsjvq weÁvbPP©vi wel‡q Zuvi AMÖYx f‚wgKv wQj| K¬v‡mi me eB Bs‡iwR‡Z n‡jI wZwb cov‡Zb evsjv‡Z AwZ KwVb ZË¡‡K mnR K‡i|14
cieZx©‡Z cy‡ivcywi cwimsL¨v‡bi wk¶K n‡jI †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb‡K Zuvi c~e©-welq c`v_©we`¨vi K¬vmI wKQy wKQz wb‡Z n‡Zv| GB c`v_©we`¨vi GK cÖv³b QvÎ Zuvi ¯§„wZPviYvq D‡jL K‡i‡Qb :
D”P weÁv‡bi K_vI †h evsjv fvlvq mn‡RB †jLv hvq Ges ejv hvq, GUv Zuvi [KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb] KvQ †_‡KB cÖ_g Rvb‡Z cvwi|15
8.
evsjvq weÁvbPP©v, cVb-cvVb, eB †jLv I ZR©gvi eo mgm¨v I Aš—ivq †h †Kej cwifvlvi bq, gvbwmKZviIÑ G-wel‡q †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb cÖ_g †_‡KB m‡PZb wQ‡jb| †`kfv‡Mi ci wk¶v †evW© MwY‡Zi cwifvlv I m„wói †h D`‡hvM MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡Z †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi mwµq f‚wgKv wQj| wZwb me mgq ÔmnRmva¨ Ges eY©bvg~jK cwifvlviB c¶cvZxÕ wQ‡jb|16 cwifvlvi mgm¨v †h weÁvb-cVb cvV‡bi Aš—ivq n‡Z cv‡i bv, †m wel‡q wZwb ¯úóB Zuvi ÔZ_¨-MwYZÕ eB‡qi f‚wgKvq e‡j‡Qb :
t A‡b‡Ki g‡bB A‡nZzK mskq iwnqv‡Q,-evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡g Z_¨-MwY‡Zi g‡Zv GKwU welq †Kgb Kwiqv wkLvb hvB‡e| cwifvlv †Kv_vq? evsjv fvlvi †h mg„w× †Kv_vq, hvnv‡Z eû c„_K c„_K cÖvq mgv_©K cvwifvwlK k‡ãi e¨Äbv cÖKvk Kiv hvq? wKš‘ GB ewjqv wK Avi¤¢ Kwi‡Z nB‡e bv? Avi¤¢ bv Kwi‡j †Kv_vq †Kv_vq RwUjZv iwnqv‡Q, Zvnv aiv cwo‡e †Kgb Kwiqv, Avi aiv bv cwo‡j AwZµgBev Kiv hvB‡e wKfv‡e?
weÁv‡bi bvbv wel‡qi cwifvlvi e¨vcv‡i wZwb m‡Z¨b emyi civgk© I mnvqZv memgqB †c‡q‡Qb|
Z_¨-MwYZ eB‡q †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †h cwifvlv D™¢veb I e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, Zvi AwaKvskB m‡Z¨b emy cQ›` K‡iwQ‡jb, †h mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU wZwb Aby‡gv`b K‡ibwb, Zvi weKí k‡ãi aviYvI wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb|17
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wb‡R weÁvb wel‡q eB-cy¯—K I cÖeÜ-wbeÜ wj‡L cÖgvY K‡ib †h, gvZ…fvlvq weÁv‡bi g‡Zv ¸i“fvi we`¨vi PP©v mn‡RB n‡Z cv‡i| wZwb Z_¨-MwYZ (1969), MwYZ kv‡¯¿i BwZnvm (1970) I Av‡jvK-weÁvb (1g LÊ, 1975) iPbv K‡i h_vµ‡g cwimsL¨vb, MwYZ I c`v_©we`¨v esjvq cov‡bvi cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki Afve A‡bKvs‡k wgwU‡q‡Qb| GB eB wZbwU Zvi gvZ…fvlvq weÁvb-wPš—viB dmj| GK mgq wZwb m¨vi †ivbvì wdkv‡ii cwimsL¨vb msµvš— cÖvgvY¨ MÖš’ Statistical Method-Gi evsjv Abyev‡`I nvZ w`‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‘ †kl ch©š— bvbv Kvi‡Y GB KvRwU m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡iwb|18
ÔZ_¨-MwY‡ZÕi f‚wgKvq wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb :
tK‡jRxq wk¶v evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡g nB‡j Qv·`i eywSevi myweav nq Ges Aí cÖ‡Póv‡ZB
welqvw` AvqË nB‡Z cv‡it| G K_v weÁvb-wk¶vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
GB †PZbv †_‡K †hgb Z_¨-MwYZ wKsev MwYZ kv‡¯¿i BwZnvm iwPZ-Abyw`Z n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡jvK-weÁvb I| GB eB¸‡jv evsjvq weÁvb welqK D”PZi cvV¨cy¯—K iPbvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`‡¶cB †Kej bq, †mBm‡½ †cÖiYvmÂvix D¾¡j `„óvš—I|
1974-Gi 9 wW‡m¤^i XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GK we‡kl mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb‡K mv¤§vwbK ÔW±i Ae& mv‡qÝÕ Dcvwa cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †Kvb we‡kl AvbyK‚j¨ wKsev ivR‰bwZK we‡ePbvq bq, Zvi AR©b I K…wZi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB GB m¤§vb Zv‡K †`qv nq| GB mgveZ©b mfvq Zvi cwiwPwZ cÖm‡½ ejv n‡qwQj, Ôevsjv fvlvq weÁvb PP©vi hviv m~ÎcvZ K‡i‡Qb, Avcwb Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg AMÖYxÕ| ÑGB K_vwU Av¶wiK A‡_©B Zvi Rb¨ mZ¨ I cÖ‡hvR¨|
†hŠe‡bi cÖ_g ce© †_‡KB evsjv fvlvq weÁv‡bi bvbv wel‡q cÖeÜ-wbeÜ Ges cieZx© mg‡q eB wj‡L gvZ…fvlvq weÁvb PP©vi †Rviv‡jv `„óvš— ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb| G avivq wZwb RM`xkP›`Ö emy, iv‡g›`Ömy›`i w·e`x, RM`vb›` ivq wKsev m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ emyi †hvM¨ DËim~wi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡eb|
9.
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb weÁv‡bi mvabvi cvkvcvwk mvwnZ¨ PP©vqI wQ‡jb wb‡ew`Z| ZvB Zvi mvwnZ¨ welqK gbbkxj iPbvq wbiv‡eM-hyw³wbôvi ˆewkó¨ Ges weÁvb welqK iPbvq mvwn‡Z¨i ms‡e`bv I im‡eva Ges mvgvwRK Kj¨vY wPš—vi QvcI c‡o‡Q| wZwb wb‡RI GK_v e‡j‡Qb :
weÁvb †h mvwnZ¨-i‡m mÄxweZ n‡q cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv mgvR I RvwZi g½j mva‡b ïf f‚wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mUv †`Lv‡bvI Avgvi D‡Ïk¨|19
Zvi ÔKwe I ˆeÁvwbKÕ cÖe‡Ü wZwb weÁvb I mvwn‡Z¨i mv`„k¨-ˆemv`„k¨ wb‡`©‡ki cvkvcvwk G‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©-m~Î Avwe®‹v‡ii †PóvI K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q Zvi e³e¨ :
RMr t Kwe I ˆeÁvwbK `yBR‡bi wbKUB K…ZÁ| ˆeÁvwbK bv _vK‡j Kwei Kíbv, †Lqvj n‡q †auvqvi g‡Zv k~‡b¨ wgwj‡q †hZ, Avi Kwe-wPË bv _vK‡j, ˆeÁvwb‡Ki mvabv c„w_exi ayjv-gvwUi g‡a¨ gv_v Kz‡U giZ|20
weÁvb I mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ GKUv mgš^‡qi wPš—v Zvi g‡b †h mwµq wQj Zv †ek †evSv hvq|
†gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi weÁvbwPš—v wQj wbLv` I hyw³kvwmZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki A‡bK gbxlxi g‡Zv wZwb ag© I weÁv‡bi A‡hŠw³K mgš^q I mij mgxKi‡Y wek¦vmx wQ‡jb bv| ZvB wZwb ¯úóB ej‡Z cv‡ib :
weÁvb I hyw³i mwnZ msN‡l© (A_©vr ÁvbwePvi I eyw×i µwgK DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½) a‡g©i Avbylw½K wek¦vm¸‡jvi hw` GKUz cwieZ©b nq, Z‡e Zvnv `~lYxq b‡n eis †mBwUB cÖ‡qvRb|21
m‡µwUm I M¨vwjwjIi mZ¨-cÖKv‡ki Pig cwiYvg-d‡ji `„óvš— †U‡b G K_vI wZwb e‡j‡Qb :
t gZ ev gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j c„w_ex‡Z Áv‡bi DbœwZ gvivÍKfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡Zv| ee©iZv ¯’vqx Kivi †kÖô Dcvq n‡”Q bZz‡bi mÜvb †Q‡o w`‡q ¯’vqx n‡q cyivZb‡KB AuvK‡o e‡m _vKv|22
ZvB, Zvi we‡ePbvq :
weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨ Ges Rxe‡bi me‡¶‡ÎB g‡Zi mnbkxjZv I ms¯‹vigy³ wbivm³ wePviB DbœwZi Dcvq| ˆeÁvwb‡Ki Ávb Dbœq‡bi cš’v cix¶vg~jK|23
†Kbbv :
t ˆeÁvwbK mPivPi `„k¨gvb RM‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘ I NUbv‡KB we‡klfv‡e ciL K‡i †`L‡Z Pvb| Zvi Kv‡Q Bw›`Ö‡qi A‡MvPi welqvw`i cÖvavb¨ bvB|24
wek¦vm bq, wbfz©j Z_¨ Avi AKvU¨ hyw³B weÁv‡bi cÖavb Aej¤^bÑ wm×v‡š—i g~j DcKiY ZB i¶Ykxj kv¯¿wek¦vmx mvavi‡Yi †Pv‡L weÁvbxi ¯^iƒc wfbœfv‡e D`&NvwUZ nq| †mB Kvi‡Y weÁvb I weÁvbx‡K fzj †evSvi wkKviI n‡Z nq A‡bK mgq| wKš‘ Zv †h mwVK g~j¨vqb bq, †m K_v D‡jL K‡i e‡j‡Qb wZwb :
ˆeÁvwbK‡K mvaviYZ e¯‘Zvwš¿K wbg©g we‡klK I bvw¯—K AvL¨v †`Iqv nBqv _v‡K| wKš‘ ˆeÁvwb‡Ki e¯‘-Zvwš¿KZvi A_© mZ¨wbôv, mZ¨‡K ev ev¯—e‡K Bw›`Öqvw` I hš¿vw` mvnv‡h¨ cix¶v Kwi‡q jIqv Ges AÜwek¦v‡mi cwie‡Z© my`„p Ávb‡K cÖwZwôZ Kwievi †Póv|25
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi weÁvb`„wói †cQ‡b wbQK Ávb¯ú„nvB bq, wQj Kj¨vYeyw× I gvbeZv‡ev‡ai aviYvI| wZwb 1939 mv‡j Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ emyi GKwU Bs‡iwR cÖe‡Üi Abyev` K‡ib Ômf¨Zv I weÁvbÕ bv‡g| GB cÖeÜwU ZR©gvq wZwb DØy× nb ïfeyw×i †cÖiYvq| m‡Z¨b emyi GB cÖe‡Üi e³e¨ Zv‡K cÖvwYZ K‡iwQj Ges G‡Z Zvi g‡Zi cÖwZdjbI j¶¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖeÜwUi g~j welq wQj weÁv‡bi AccÖ‡qvM,-Gi bviKxq aŸsmjxjv I Gi d‡j mf¨Zvi msK‡Ui K_v Ges m‡e©vcwi GB mgm¨v-msKU DËi‡Yi Dcvq-wb‡`©k| GB cÖe‡Ü †h gvbweK AvwZ© I weÁv‡bi Kj¨vYKi BwZevPK w`‡Ki cÖkw¯— D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zv †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡biI wPš—v-†PZbvi Aw¤^ó wQj|
11.
†gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wQ‡jb eyw×i gyw³-Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav| 1926-G XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq gy³eyw×-PP©vi cÖwZôvb Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨-mgvRÕ| GB msMV‡bi exRgš¿ wQjÑ ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †hLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b Am¤¢e;| ms¯‹vigy³, hyw³ev`x, cÖMwZkxj, Kj¨vYgyLx mgvRMVbB wQj Gi j¶¨| ÔmvwnZ¨-mgv‡RÕi GK evwl©K Awa‡ek‡bi Kvh©weeiYx wjL‡Z wM‡q †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb D‡jL K‡iwQ‡jb :
Avgiv P¶z eyuwRqv c‡ii K_v ïwb‡Z PvB bv, ev ïwbqvB gvwbqv jB‡Z PB bv;Ñ Avgiv PvB †PvL †gwjqv †`wL‡Z mZ¨‡K Rxe‡b cÖK…Zfv‡e Abyfe Kwi‡Z| Avgiv Kíbv I fw³i †gvn-Avei‡Y mZ¨‡K XvwKqv ivwL‡Z PvB bv| Avgiv PvB Ávb-wkLv Øviv Amvi ms¯‹vi‡K f¯§xf‚Z Kwi‡Z Ges mbvZb mZ¨‡K Kz‡nwjKv gy³ Kwiqv fv¯^i I `xwßgvb Kwi‡Z|26
GB msMV‡bi wPš—v-†PZbvi Av‡jv‡KB †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi gb-gvbm g~jZ M‡o D‡VwQj| ÔmvwnZ¨mgv‡RÕi GB hyw³i-cÖÁvi-weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi †cÖiYv‡ZB wPiKvj c_ P‡j‡Qb †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb|
m‡Z¨i Aby‡iv‡a G K_v ej‡ZB nq †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡k weÁvbPP©v hviv K‡i _v‡KbÑ weÁvb cVb-cvV‡bi m‡½ hviv hy³, Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB cyuw_-kvwmZ weØvb Ges Zviv ms¯‹vi, †Muvovwg, AÜwek¦vm, fvevjyZv, i¶YkxjZv, kv‡¯¿i `vmZ¡ †_‡K cy‡ivcywi gy³ bb| wKš‘ †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb KLbI AÜwek¦vm ev cÖ_vi AvbyMZ¨ K‡ibwb, gv‡bbwb ms¯‹v‡ii kvmbÑ wQ‡jb hyw³, cÖMwZ I †kÖq‡PZbvi c‡¶- cwic~Y© weÁvbgb¯‹Zvq mgwc©Z m„Rbkxj GK weÁvbmvaK| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ GLv‡bB Ab¨‡`i †gŠwjK dvivK Ges GB we‡ePbv‡ZB wZwb GKK I Abb¨|
Z_¨wb‡`©kÑ
1. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, RyjvB-wW‡m¤^i 1979| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, ÔXvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯§„wZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½Õ; c„. 35
2. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, Rvbyqvwi-wW‡m¤^i 1981| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, ÔAvgvi Rxbe-`k©‡bi Afz¨`q I µgweKvkÕ, c„. 1
3. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, Rvbyqvwi 1975| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, ÔKzwóqvi ¯§„wZK_vÕ; c„. 17
4. H; c„. 21
5. H; c„. 22
6. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, Rvbyqvwi-wW‡m¤^i 1984| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, ÔweÁvbPvh© m‡Z¨›`Öbv_ †evm‡K †hgb †`wLwQÕ; c„. 2-3
7. H; c„. 6-7
8. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, RyjvB-wW‡m¤^i 1979| c~‡e©v³; c„. 35
9. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, Rvbyqvwi-wW‡m¤^i 1984| c~‡e©v³; c„. 10
10. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, RyjvB-wW‡m¤^i 1979| c~‡e©v³; c„. 29
11. mb&Rx`v LvZzb m¤úvw`Z, ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Rš§kZel© : AvcbRb‡`i ¯§„wZK_vÕ; XvKv, 1997| Gg. Ievq`yjvn, ÔAvgv‡`i KvRx mv‡neÕ; c„. 33
12. H| KvRx dRjyi ingvb, ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb : GKRb m¤ú~Y© gvbylÕ; c„. 51
13. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, RyjvB-wW‡m¤^i 1984| c~‡e©v³; c„. 7
14. ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Rš§kZel© : AvcbRb‡`i ¯§„wZK_vÕ, c~‡e©v³| KvRx dRjyi ingvb, c~‡e©v³; c„. 54
15. ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Rš§kZel© : AvcbRb‡`i ¯§„wZK_vÕ, c~‡e©v³| Rvwgj †PŠayix, ÔA¨ve‡m›U gvB‡ÛW cÖ‡dmiÕ, c„. 61
16. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z, ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb iPbvejxÕ, 4_© LÊ, XvKv, Ryb 1992; c„. 206
17. Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ cwÎKvÕ, RyjvB-wW‡m¤^i 1984| c~‡e©v³; c„. 8
18. ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Rš§kZel© : AvcbRb‡`i ¯§„wZK_vÕ, c~‡e©v³| KvRx dRjyi ingvb, c~‡e©v³; c„. 54
19. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, Ôwbe©vwPZ cÖeÜÕ, 1g LÊ, XvKv, Ryb 1976; Ôf‚wgKvÕ
20. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, ÔmÂiYÕ, wØ-m : XvKv, 1969; c„. 54
21. H; c„. 172
22. Ave`yj nK m¤úvw`Z, ÔKvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb iPbvejxÕ, 2q LÊ, XvKv, wW‡m¤^i 1986; c„. 82-83
23. H; c„. 83
24. ÔmÂiYÕ, c~‡e©v³; c„. 47-48
25. H; c„. 208
26. ÔwkLvÕ, 2q el© : 1928; c„. 22
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